Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. [Read Online]. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? Rus. Long May It Wave. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. Egypt was the first among the Arab countries to establish an animation production. Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The famous cartoon demonstrates Rhodes dream. Library of Congress Duplication Services. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. - a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. The caption is ominous: War on Earth. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Citing Primary Sources. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Includes bibliographical references and index. Time: Aug 23, 2021 12:00 PM to 1:15 PM EST Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. Includes bibliographical references and index. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Co., Puck Bldg. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Link to other styles, U.S. President - 1st Term (September 1901-February 1905), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Vol. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & The White Mans Burden (18981902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. 83-108 (2006). Translated from Russian. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Cullinane, M. Patrick. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Think It Over. Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. Are our teachings, then, in vain?" LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. White man's burden--1900-1910, - There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. 13, No. The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . Her breakthrough was in 1998 with the first episodes of the animated television series (Bakkar) by Cairo Cartoon. Powered by WordPress. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as He is Chief Correspondent of public radio's Biotech Nation, a commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, and a contributing editor and a columnist for Conde Nast Portfolio. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Expert Help. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . , 1902. Brown, Frederick. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. 730-735 (2008). What were the effects on China, as portrayed in the cartoon? Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. Pages. An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Xiang, Lanxin. Photograph. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. such as microfilm or copy prints? A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, Left:Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade, Progress, Force if Necessary, Cotton Dry Goods Education, Right:Boxer, 400 Million Barbarians, China, Civilization and barbarism meet as the headlight of Uncle Sams gun-mounted Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines the light of Progress on China. Published during the Boxer uprisings against Westerners and Christians, the cartoon portrays China as a frenzied dragon under the control of a Boxer gripping a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. In the balance of power between technological progress and primitive barbarians, the cartoon makes clear who must back up.. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. 62, Issue 4,pp. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. Brown, Arthur Judson. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published in Judge on April 1, 1899. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." [View Extract]. Vignette-style graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image. site.). Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." Africa is the setting. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. 202-212 (September 2010). As you can see, he stands on the continent of Africa with one foot on the southern tip of Africa and the other at the northern coast. record ("About This Item") with your request. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). Reference staff can A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Study Resources. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. Source:Wikimedia. The White (!) Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. Duplication Services Web site. He talks to each student separately and tells them that he is sure that they shared answers, but he cannot be sure who copied from whom. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? War on Earth. Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Orig. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. Title from item. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Source: Bibliothque nationale de France. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. Source:Library of Congress. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Edit. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! While grading a final exam a professor discovers that two students have virtually identical answers. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). Priests Horribly Tortured. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. Vol. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. Silence). Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. J. Ottmann Lith. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Klein, Thoralf. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers.
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