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Therefore, we estimated the provisional decline in life expectancy in 2021 thus far; this estimate is based on the DT19 method noted earlier but, in this case, adding confirmed 2021 COVID-19 deaths to the deaths expected among those who did not die of COVID-19, who are assumed to be subject to 2019 mortality rates for the remainder of 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). 2 0 obj Environ. On average, larger declines in e0 and e65 were estimated in the North regions and smaller in the South regions (Fig. That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. Nat. March 2, 2023 - 6:00AM. Several provisional patent and patent applications have been filed based on this work. Article These records, aggregated at the state level, are publicly available by date on the website (https://brasil.io/covid19/). Rev. Creton, C. Pressure-sensitive adhesives: An introductory course. An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis, A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden, Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries, Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of HIV Mortality in China: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Disease and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in the United States, Impact of COVID-19 on older adults and role of long-term care facilities during early stages of epidemic in Italy, Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between the East and the West, Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China, Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html, https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code, https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/, https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf, https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772, https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1, http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/, https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002, https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448, https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia, http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response, Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study, Coronavirus disease-related in-hospital mortality: a cohort study in a private healthcare network in Brazil, The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival, Years of life lost during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden considering variation in life expectancy by level of geriatric care. The corresponding VW for each adhesive is the rectangular region bounded by these four moduli. and M.I.J. 99, 99106 (2015). 21, 12181230 (2016). One of the pitfalls of diaper recycling pilots is the low demand for recovered diaper materials, which depreciates the environmental potentiality of such endeavors14. Rochman, C. M. Microplastics research-from sink to source. served as a sounding board throughout the project. We hypothesized that we could potentially eliminate the need to remove water because both the polymer backbone and our alcohol solvent are hydrophobic. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. Vaccine 39, 34043409 (2021). T32 AG000037). Aburto, J. M. et al. Estimates are presented by sex and state, and we measured and compared changes across states and in femalemale gaps in life expectancy. An alternative recycling route known as chemical recycling was developed to address these challenges8,9,10,11. Picture: Matt Roberts/Getty Images. Silveira, M. F. et al. Technical Assistance Projects (all subprogrammes): 22 September (5 p.m.). Acrylic acid and derivatives. Am. Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years. Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. Ambiente & Sociedade 23, e0108 (2020). Vilseck, J. Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). Inicio / Programas UE / LIFE2027 / LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV (LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV) - NATURE GOVERNANCE. 3). Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. In closed-loop chemical recycling, chemical transformations are used to cleave the polymer into its monomers (depolymerization), or to create a polymer with equivalent function12. Prajapat, A. L. & Gogate, P. R. Intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylic acid solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and solar irradiation with intensification studies. Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. Most of their feedstocks come from nonrenewable resources3. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2020). U.S. Patent 9,447,309 B2. On. Within the first 15h, we observed a substantial drop (more than two orders of magnitude) in viscosity, after which point no further changes were observed. Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). We found that the faster the speed at which COVID-19 spread across municipalities (a lower locational Hoover Index), the larger the changes in e0 (Pearson correlation=0.724, P<0.001). LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. 10, 48754880 (2019). )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} We calculated the probability of surviving from age x to age x + n (npx), the probability of dying between age x and x + n (nqx) and the average person-years lived in the interval by those dying in the interval (nax): where * indicates that the measure is from the life table that does not contain COVID-19 as a cause of death. In Ullmans Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. An estimated 6.3 billion metric tons of post-consumer polymer waste has been produced, with the majority (79%) in landfills or the environment. Everyone involved in adoptionbirthparents, adoptive parents, adoptees, adoption professionals, and beyonddeserves support when they need it. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448 (2020). 1)24,25,26. To do this, we multiplied the age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates from 2019 from each state by the corresponding projected population for March 2021. 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. Nat. in Brasil: uma viso geogrfica e ambiental no incio do sculo XXI. To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. I\{vd^TC{3SR ZL]hXSU}HcQnVH~;kJ{r]%44FG>~iOq|_nK.u2AMr4P'1Lc3FwMEEet8uU6BmgM1jH#Nip $jmVP->Y$FB4|Kf }Y Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage Over the last decades, the completeness of death registration has improved steadily in Brazil43, and data completeness is likely to be similar for 2019 and 2020. Cad. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). #n$dA"yTtM nTv_J{Bf25X1E[B Y@V(//G0g4_fc_Cv;`& ,. Because in-hospital COVID-19 deaths represent 89% of all COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021, we use them to proxy for the agesex distributions of all COVID-19 deaths. Because this recycling method should be amenable to waste polymer as the feedstock, it offers a more sustainable alternative to diaper disposal in a landfill or incineration. We did not make any corrections for the under-registration of deaths. sub-programme "Circular economy and quality of life". Nmero 30 116 (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatsticaIBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Populao e Indicadores Sociais, 2013). JRSvk] Nature Governance ). To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. john deere quick hitch. The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. The initially heterogeneous reaction mixture becomes a homogeneous solution over time due to the chemical change from a superabsorbent gel-like substance into the soluble, linear polymer products. Rocha, R. et al. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Among males, two states, Amazonas and Par, both in the North region, lost all that was gained over 2 decades (Fig. Khoo, S. C. et al. Among states, Amazonas lost 60.4% of the improvements in e0 since 2000. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. For example, the 1918 influenza pandemic was estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 712 years7. Fig. S3). April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. M.S. Brasil, Grandes Regies e Unidades da Federao 2010. in Estudos e Pesquisas. ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Posta Elettronica Certificata (PEC): protocollo.ispra@ispra.legalmail.it, Kick-off meeting of the projet LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest/@@download/image/carretta.png. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. 10, 4153 (2021). Ching, T. W. et al. & Pimenta, D. N. Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. sub-programme "Climate change mitigation and adaptation to change. . https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). ANDS is a $120M federally funded national infrastructure innovation project to exploit Australia's research data advantage. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and . The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. NaOH and mild heating (Fig. Sade Pblica 36, e00115320 (2020). Sonochem. SAP GUI Scripting Security Guide. ACS Sustain. Globally, there have been significant efforts towards recycling the components of diapers28. performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. As of 29 May 2021, the number of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil was 137% of those reported in 2020; in Amazonas, for every COVID-19 death in 2020, there have been 1.5 deaths in 2021. Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. Pract. JAMA 325, 808811 (2021). As of 23 May 2021, P.1 was the most prevalent strain in the country (92% of the samples analyzed)25. The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. J. Chem. Second, in contrast to DT19 and DT20, the method based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 makes no assumption about independence of causes of death (that is, that the risks of dying from other causes are unaffected by the addition or elimination of COVID-19 mortality), an assumption that was almost certainly violated during the pandemic. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in The highest absolute and relative decline among states was estimated for Amazonas (3.46 years), followed by Amap (3.18 years) and Par (2.71 years), all in the North region. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. Also in May 2021, the first case of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first detected in India, was reported in Brazil26. are employees at P&G. BMJ Open 11, e042934 (2021). Carlyle, R. L. Process for the production of acrylic acid esters. Under ultrasound, solvodynamic shear forces cleave polymer chains into shorter fragments while maintaining the polymers chemical identity. Chiang, C. L. Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics (Wiley, 1968). It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . IBGE. This was the case for 12 of the 27 states (Fig. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. M.C.C. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. & Urey, H. C. The mechanisms of acid catalyzed ester hydrolysis, esterification and oxygen exchange of carboxylic acids. Life Cycle Assess. Lancet Glob. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. Boletim Extraordinrio do Observatrio Covid-19 Fiocruz. Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. The results from both of these experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium lies far towards the esterification product. Similarly, given the higher risk of dying from COVID-19 at older ages5, the death toll can be measured by e65, defined as the average number of years that a 65-year-old person would be expected to live if subject to the underlying mortality rates for ages 65 and above in a specific year. Manages sample collection and retention strategy. Death rates from non-COVID-19 causes in 2020 likely changed between 2019 and 2020, decreasing for some causes (for example, from reduced exposure to other infections) and increasing in others (for example, from delayed or foregone healthcare or overburdening of the healthcare system). These results demonstrate that solvent hydrophobicity improves conversion to the ester. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Liu, Y., Lotero, E. & Goodwin, J. G. Jr Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. endobj Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Clin. In this study, we used data on reported total deaths in 2020 and in JanuaryApril 2021 to measure and compare the death toll across states. Wernet, G. et al. 100th Anniversary of macromolecular science viewpoint: redefining sustainable polymers. Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. 1d). & Shamanin, V. V. Chain degradation under low-intensity sonication of polymer solutions in the presence of filler: Mechanism of ultrasonic degradation of flexible chain macromolecules. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Google Scholar. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. The G at each frequency describes an adhesives resistance to shear, and this term generally increases in samples with more chain entanglements (e.g., with increasing Mw). Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). Ichiura, H., Nakaoka, H. & Konishi, T. Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the superabsorbent polymer through oxidation using ozone. xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM Castro, M. C. et al. )W9N2S33:;Ai / YnM#@w@6~q|,Sq","Kc]FTE^gIK%q4g2J:?1*zK6J./7o#hX&M,5!zbz?-V^mnH)0"2x~&NRO~c_e5j;? Polym. For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. 7 April 2022 - Full Proposal. One salient example is the superabsorbent material used in diapers and feminine hygiene products, which contain crosslinked sodium polyacrylates. An accomplished and highly motivated senior ABAP Developer. Z., Sohail, N., Hayes, R. L. & Brooks, C. L. Overcoming challenging substituent perturbations with multisite -dynamics: A case study targeting -secretase 1. Philos. Across states, the largest declines were estimated for Amazonas (3.14 years), Amap (2.46 years) and Par (2.44 years). A summary of findings and implications of these estimates is shown in Table 1. You can alreadyfind all information and documentation needed at theFunding & Tenders Portal, includingthe call text and application forms. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. Barberia, L. G. & Gmez, E. J. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. This year, there is 598 million available for nature conservation, environmental protection, climate action, and clean energy transition projects. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). 2. J. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. The rate of chain scission during sonication is directly proportional to the amount of chain entanglement during sonication35. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market (20152020). and C.M.T. The resulting materials exhibit low-to-medium storage and loss moduli, and as such, are applicable as general-purpose adhesives. Considering this factor, the optimized conditions involved sonicating a 2.5% w/v solution for 1min to give an Mw ~360kg/mol, and a 5.0% w/v solution for 2min to give a Mw of ~330kg/mol37. Brazil does not lack a universal healthcare system, a network of community health agents to target vulnerable communities, sufficient data and a capable cadre of researchers tirelessly advancing knowledge and informing policy. a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (January-April) to those reported in 2020 (%). Chem. 2). Second, COVID-19 disrupted primary care services in Brazil27. 29, 233246 (1990). The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 (e65) in 2020 was 0.9 years, setting Brazil back to 2012 levels. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) J. Environ. The Guardian. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. We showed that a largely unmitigated pandemic, in a context of local inequalities, resulted in a high and unequal mortality burden. Moreover, mechanical recycling cannot be used with polymers that do not reversibly melt (e.g., crosslinked polymers). Here, we assumed that individuals who did not die of COVID-19 in the first 4 months of 2021 would be subject to the 2019 age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates. Rev. Although some cities temporarily closed some businesses in response to the unprecedented COVID-19 surge in early 2021, no financial support was provided from January to March 2021. and S.K. In Latin America, at least four countries experienced secular mortality declines at earlier dates: Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Cuba9. WASHINGTON (AP) An ambitious and wide-ranging White House cybersecurity plan released Thursday calls for bolstering protections on critical sectors and making software companies legally liable.

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